1) Dramatic Elegance. Victorian Gothic decor is all about drama and elegance. This style is not for the faint of heart— it is all about making a statement. The lavish interiors of a Victorian Gothic home will be draped in high-end fabrics, curved ornate furniture, and plenty of decorative details.Jul 3, 2019 · The Gothic architecture style found in churches, synagogues, and cathedrals built between approximately 1100 to 1450 CE, stirred the imagination of painters, poets, and religious thinkers in Europe and Great Britain. From the remarkable great abbey of Saint-Denis in France to the Altneuschul ("Old-New") Synagogue in Prague, Gothic churches were ... With its classic clapboard exterior and bold, simple lines, Greek Revival architecture became the most predominant housing style in the United States. During the second half of the 19th century, Gothic Revival and Italianate styles captured the American imagination. Grecian ideas faded from popularity.The picturesque Gothic home was owned by the Fairfax media dynasty from 1891 when it was bought for £2100. Tech billionaire Scott Farquhar paid $71 million for this Point Piper estate in 2017. Gothic Revival style reveals itself in churches, houses, and some public buildings. Check out our gothic home decor selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our wall decor shops. Gothic Raven doll, Gothic Halloween miniature furniture, Crow Edgar Poe Witch Mystery Gothic Dollhouse - Handmade wooden decor 1 12 scale. (332) $53.00. Miniature Dollhouse Wallpaper 1:12 scale, Modern Gothic style, Nevermore and Addams family inspiration, PRINTABLE DOWNLOAD DIY. Halloween.Aug 13, 2023 · October 7, 2022 Buildings of New England 1 Comment. In 1807 Hezekiah Doane (1768-1834), a shipwright, purchased land on Main Street in Barnstable Village, building a family home. The house was built in the Federal period, likely with a side gable or hipped roof. Hezekiah and his small family lived here until his death in 1834. Jan 31, 2022 · In the mid 19th century the house was remodelled into an ornate Victorian Gothic style. The house has soaring pinnacles, crenelated towers, oriel windows and arches made from local Bath stone. The interiors are designed by J.G. Crace and include neo-Gothic stained glass, mosaics by Salviati, and stenciled wall panels and ornate ironwork. Dwight House, Spokane - c. 1886. The Stick style was a late 19 th -century American architectural style, and is considered by many as a transitional style found between the Carpenter Gothic style of the mid 19 th -century, and the Queen Anne style that it had evolved into by the 1890s. It is named after its use of linear "stickwork" (overlay ... May 16, 2022 · The Tudor style came from historical homes in England. This home style became popular during the early 20th century in wealthy suburban communities across the United States. Many Tudor homes can be found in northern climates, because the solid architecture is ideal for cold weather. 08 of 24. Sep 5, 2023 · Last updated: Jun 7, 2021 • 5 min read. The ornate design of medieval Gothic architecture inspired the Gothic Revival movement, which lent elegance to buildings around the world. During the Romantic era, artists began to value the medieval arts and picturesque ruins, and the Gothic style saw a revival. Known as the Neo-Gothic, the revival began in England in the mid-1700s, and Horace Walpole’s Strawberry Hill House (1749) near London is a noted early example. The style spread throughout England and its colonies, as ...Jan 17, 2020 · Dark cloudy depressing setting that we can furnish with gothic style furnishings. Give me the stone castle walls surrounded by fog and dead trees. My biggest complaint about the current homes is the layout. The construction of the Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) in London from 1840-1870, and James Renwick, Jr.’s 1855 “castle” for the Smithsonian Institution—both Gothic Revival—helped popularize the style. The great Gothic cathedrals of Europe inspired verticality, which in houses meant steeply-pitched roofs and pointed (or ...Gothic Raven doll, Gothic Halloween miniature furniture, Crow Edgar Poe Witch Mystery Gothic Dollhouse - Handmade wooden decor 1 12 scale. (332) $53.00. Miniature Dollhouse Wallpaper 1:12 scale, Modern Gothic style, Nevermore and Addams family inspiration, PRINTABLE DOWNLOAD DIY. Halloween. Jun 14, 2022 · If the classic Victorian style goth isn’t doing it for you, check out this contemporary modern mansion Sims 4 goth house! This modern Gothic style has three bedrooms and four bathrooms. So this is a great choice to download if you want a mansion but want a modern look. Download here from Simsbylinea on The Sims Catalog. Gothic architecture is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. [1] It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Classic: Classic home design plans characteristic an upper-market version of traditional weatherboard homes, and are available in single and two storey designs. Below are 18 best pictures collection of gothic farmhouse plans photo in high resolution. Click the image for larger image size and more details. 1.The Carpenter Gothic style is a simplified version of the architectural movement that still embraces some of the most prominent Gothic details. This style may also be called “Rural Gothic” or “American Gothic.”. These homes aren’t made with stone, instead have vertical board and batten siding.2150 State Route 56 W, Circleville, OH 43113. 4 BD. 2 BA. 3528 Sqft. 8.78 Ac. Posted on 08/02/2023. 19 Comments.May 18, 2021 · Forbes + Masters. Like the abundance of tchotchkes and oddities, Gothic-inspired decor is typically plentiful with dried flowers and foliage. However, you’ll want to skip the ornamental grass or carefully arranged bouquets and go for more opulent flowers like bold red roses, lilies, or even artfully arranged branches. Continue to 10 of 11 below. Dark cloudy depressing setting that we can furnish with gothic style furnishings. Give me the stone castle walls surrounded by fog and dead trees. My biggest complaint about the current homes is the layout.The Gothic Revival can be traced back to England in 1749 to romanticize medieval styles there, and the romanticized simplicty of medieval times. The first American Gothic house was by Alexander Jackson Davis in Baltimore, MD. in 1832. Davis was the first American architect to promote the Gothic style, particularly in his book: “Rural ...Gothic Color – With majestic architecture and heavy furniture, the Gothic style lends itself to rich and dark colors. The Gothic Victorian house had somber hues of purple, ruby, black, ochre, forest green, and gold – the best complement to the rich, majestic air of the furniture and design.Sep 25, 2019 · With its classic clapboard exterior and bold, simple lines, Greek Revival architecture became the most predominant housing style in the United States. During the second half of the 19th century, Gothic Revival and Italianate styles captured the American imagination. Grecian ideas faded from popularity. The style of Gothic Revival architecture, also called "Neo-Gothic," or "High-Victorian Gothic," developed during the late 18th century in England. Gothic Revival also spread to and was popular in ...2150 State Route 56 W, Circleville, OH 43113. 4 BD. 2 BA. 3528 Sqft. 8.78 Ac. Posted on 08/02/2023. 19 Comments.Get inspired with our Gothic living room ideas. Gothic styling is more than a trend, it is a reflection of personality. Today, we will be showing you Gothic living room ideas. Our images showcase what an ideal Gothic living room offers…the furniture, the colors, the styling…and the little details that make a real difference.The Gothic Revival homes of the 1800s were romantic versions of medieval architecture featuring delicate wooden ornaments and other decorative details suggested by that time period’s popular designs. First constructed of stone, later homes were sometimes built of brick with wooden trim work. Variations included Brick Gothic Revival ...Sep 10, 2021 · Gothic arch greenhouses offer several pros and cons. Among these are structural advantages and disadvantages. There are maintenance pros and cons with gothic-style greenhouses as well. Typically, gothic arch greenhouses are a bit more expensive than traditional hoop houses or post-and-rafter construction. Feb 6, 2022 · Well-known for its pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large, stained glass windows, Gothic architecture is a European architectural type that originated in the mid-12th century and remained popular until the 16th century. Often employed for churches, cathedrals, and other massive stone buildings, Gothic architecture became extremely popular ... In conclusion, Gothic furniture (e.g. modern Gothic furniture, victorian Gothic furniture) is a quirky and highly underrated style. However, the huge misconception about it is that it is eccentric and unruly. Gothic history is rich and long: it was an intriguing period of time, aptly defined by rich culture and art.Sep 25, 2019 · With its classic clapboard exterior and bold, simple lines, Greek Revival architecture became the most predominant housing style in the United States. During the second half of the 19th century, Gothic Revival and Italianate styles captured the American imagination. Grecian ideas faded from popularity. In fact, the popularity of Strawberry Hill House is considered key for reviving the Gothic style throughout the 18 th and 19 th Centuries. Its vaulted ceilings, arched windows, and ornate detailing are directly inspired by original gothic architecture around Europe and the building is an absolute must-see.The Gothic Revival Villa. Connecticut has one of the great examples of Downing’s ideas in the form of Roseland Cottage (Fig. 1), built in 1846 in Woodstock, which closely resembles the models that appeared in Downing’s books (Fig. 2). This house was intended as a country retreat in the hometown of its owner, who had become wealthy in New ...The Stick style was a late-19th-century American architectural style, transitional between the Carpenter Gothic style of the mid-19th century, and the Queen Anne style that it had evolved into by the 1890s. [1] It is named after its use of linear "stickwork" (overlay board strips) on the outside walls to mimic an exposed half-timbered frame.The High Gothic years, which lasted from 1250 to 1300 and was first introduced by Chartres Cathedral in France. This time period was defined by Rayonnant style, or highly ornate decorations on the buildings' exterior. Germany, Spain, and Britain created their own variations of Rayonnant Gothic architecture over the next several decades.This house is Gothic Revival style, and has a rare fulls second-story window with an elaborate hood. Littlefield House The Littlefield House is located in Austin, Texas on the University of Texas campus, and is one of the few gothic houses in the city.The High Gothic years, which lasted from 1250 to 1300 and was first introduced by Chartres Cathedral in France. This time period was defined by Rayonnant style, or highly ornate decorations on the buildings' exterior. Germany, Spain, and Britain created their own variations of Rayonnant Gothic architecture over the next several decades.Gothic Raven doll, Gothic Halloween miniature furniture, Crow Edgar Poe Witch Mystery Gothic Dollhouse - Handmade wooden decor 1 12 scale. (332) $53.00. Miniature Dollhouse Wallpaper 1:12 scale, Modern Gothic style, Nevermore and Addams family inspiration, PRINTABLE DOWNLOAD DIY. Halloween. The house is a classic example of the Gothic Revival style in domestic architecture and the room is arranged to illustrate how an upper-middle-class family might have furnished their library. This library comes from a red-brick Gothic Revival villa built for banker Frederick Deming (1787–1860) and his family in the hamlet of Balmville, New York. The Gothic house was the first example of industrial abundance reflecting the increasing wealth of Americans. Its irregular shape, arched windows, and steeply pitched complex roof, elaborate vergeboard trim along roof edges, high dormers, the use of lancet windows, and other Gothic details heralded a break from the less elaborate architectural styles of the earlier period.Historic Homes For Sale, Rent or Auction Gothic Styles. For Sale. $400,000 Jan 8, 2014 · Gothic Revival was the first Victorian-era style of architecture to grace properties in the United States. These homes featured pitched roofs and elaborate trim, a combination that speaks of the fusion between the two styles. The roofline was left over from the Gothic era, and the trim was characteristic of Victorian homes. Attention to detail ... Oct 31, 2021 · In this video, I'll be building a haunted/gothic style Minecraft house in a block for block tutorial. This is a follow up video to one a made a year ago, but... 16. Ashy teal. Nopadon Hounrod/iStock. Teal, which contains hints of both green and blue, can be a vibrant choice that brings light and life to a room. However, if you instead opt for a slightly ashy version of teal, you can create a sense of subdued drama and add color to your gothic space. 17. Steely silver.Classic: Classic home design plans characteristic an upper-market version of traditional weatherboard homes, and are available in single and two storey designs. Below are 18 best pictures collection of gothic farmhouse plans photo in high resolution. Click the image for larger image size and more details. 1. Classic: Classic home design plans characteristic an upper-market version of traditional weatherboard homes, and are available in single and two storey designs. Below are 18 best pictures collection of gothic farmhouse plans photo in high resolution. Click the image for larger image size and more details. 1. Sep 4, 2023 · 2150 State Route 56 W, Circleville, OH 43113. 4 BD. 2 BA. 3528 Sqft. 8.78 Ac. Posted on 08/02/2023. 19 Comments. Feb 3, 2022 · Written by HomeAdvisor. In the U.S., it costs, on average, $350,000 to build a Victorian-style house. Typically, most homeowners spend between $250,000 and $600,000. The average cost per square foot to build a Victorian-style home is $100 to $200. For homes with high levels of intricate Victorian architecture in their plans, the price can reach ... Feb 6, 2022 · Well-known for its pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large, stained glass windows, Gothic architecture is a European architectural type that originated in the mid-12th century and remained popular until the 16th century. Often employed for churches, cathedrals, and other massive stone buildings, Gothic architecture became extremely popular ... Strawberry Hill House —often called simply Strawberry Hill —is a Gothic Revival villa that was built in Twickenham, London, by Horace Walpole (1717–1797) from 1749 onward. It is a typical example of the "Strawberry Hill Gothic" style of architecture, [1] and it prefigured the nineteenth-century Gothic Revival. Walpole rebuilt the existing ... Dec 28, 2021 · Discover the 19th-century history of the Gothic style, the difference between Gothic and Victorian architecture, and common themes in Gothic interior design. Updated: 12/28/2021 Create an account May 18, 2021 · Forbes + Masters. Like the abundance of tchotchkes and oddities, Gothic-inspired decor is typically plentiful with dried flowers and foliage. However, you’ll want to skip the ornamental grass or carefully arranged bouquets and go for more opulent flowers like bold red roses, lilies, or even artfully arranged branches. Continue to 10 of 11 below. Style This site is operated by Architectural Overflow, LLC for Southern Living. Architectural Overflow, LLC - 1000 County Road E West, Suite 120 - Shoreview MN 55126 - USACheck out our gothic dollhouse kit selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our dolls & miniatures shops.Oct 31, 2021 · In this video, I'll be building a haunted/gothic style Minecraft house in a block for block tutorial. This is a follow up video to one a made a year ago, but... Property Website. Realtor Information: Caren Foy ¦ KELLER WILLIAMS REALTY ¦ 724-933-8500 About This 1856 Gothic Revival In Mercer Pennsylvania. Presently resting on 5 partially-wooded acres with lush landscape and a gentle stream, this c1856 brick home’s natural setting represents the romantic and picturesque movements quest for a healthier lifestyle and fresher air that the more country ...Gothic Unisex Resin Scrimshaw Ram Skull Knick Knack Alchemy Of England. $45.00 USD. Emo Black Raven Cascade Wind Chime Hanging Decoration Alchemy Of England. $20.00 USD. Gothic Human Skull Resin Vase - Perfect Outdoor Decor for Style Maximus Apparel Co. $72.99 USD. 15% OFF Deal. Ruah Vered Resin Wall Mount / Altar Piece - Unisex Home Decor ...May 18, 2021 · Forbes + Masters. Like the abundance of tchotchkes and oddities, Gothic-inspired decor is typically plentiful with dried flowers and foliage. However, you’ll want to skip the ornamental grass or carefully arranged bouquets and go for more opulent flowers like bold red roses, lilies, or even artfully arranged branches. Continue to 10 of 11 below. It would be pretty boring if all homes looked the same, which is why we're celebrating some of the world's most unusual properties. From properties dressed floor-to-ceiling in black to mesmerising mansions that appear plucked from the pages of Dracula, these ghoulishly gorgeous Gothic homes are sure to bring out your dark side. Click or scroll ...The Gothic Revival Villa. Connecticut has one of the great examples of Downing’s ideas in the form of Roseland Cottage (Fig. 1), built in 1846 in Woodstock, which closely resembles the models that appeared in Downing’s books (Fig. 2). This house was intended as a country retreat in the hometown of its owner, who had become wealthy in New ...In short, it is all about the drama. High arches and dramatically draped fabrics. When incorporating a Gothic Revival design into your home, consider looking at Victorian homes for some style inspiration. Specifically, make note of ornate and rich tapestries as well as bold design ideas. Think wrought iron chandeliers and bold colors.Aug 29, 2019 - Explore The Made Home | Interior Desig's board "Modern Gothic Style", followed by 1,629 people on Pinterest. See more ideas about modern gothic, house design, house styles. Coconut Grove, Florida $8.25 million. This nearly 13,000-square-foot Gothic-style mansion with 65 feet of frontage on Biscayne Bay is owned by Dallas-based real estate developer and TV reality ...In 1930, the artist Grant Wood depicted a Carpenter Gothic house in his best-known painting, the famous American Gothic. It is based on a real house Wood spotted in Eldon, Iowa, and sketched on the back of an envelope. The wooden house, with its medieval-style window, rises behind the grim-looking man and woman. (The models for the people in ...Historic Homes For Sale, Rent or Auction Gothic Styles. For Sale. $400,000 Gothicism is defined as a style in fictional literature characterized by gloomy settings, violent or grotesque action, and a mood of decay, degeneration, and decadence. This style of writing can be found in numerous different pieces of literature. An example of literature that uses this is Edgar Allen Poe’s “The Fall of the House of Usher”.Dec 28, 2021 · Discover the 19th-century history of the Gothic style, the difference between Gothic and Victorian architecture, and common themes in Gothic interior design. Updated: 12/28/2021 Create an account Gothic Raven doll, Gothic Halloween miniature furniture, Crow Edgar Poe Witch Mystery Gothic Dollhouse - Handmade wooden decor 1 12 scale. (332) $53.00. Miniature Dollhouse Wallpaper 1:12 scale, Modern Gothic style, Nevermore and Addams family inspiration, PRINTABLE DOWNLOAD DIY. Halloween. Aug 29, 2019 - Explore The Made Home | Interior Desig's board "Modern Gothic Style", followed by 1,629 people on Pinterest. See more ideas about modern gothic, house design, house styles.Aug 17, 2023 · Gothic architecture, a pan-European style, came about between the mid 12th century and the 16th century and is characterized mainly by masonry building style that uses cavernous spaces and walls broken by overlaid tracery. The Gothic style and architecture are rooted in French architecture, but you can also find it in Europe and other continents. Jun 26, 2022 · It would be pretty boring if all homes looked the same, which is why we're celebrating some of the world's most unusual properties. From properties dressed floor-to-ceiling in black to mesmerising mansions that appear plucked from the pages of Dracula, these ghoulishly gorgeous Gothic homes are sure to bring out your dark side. Click or scroll ... Today. "Browse Gothic houses for sale in Florida. Inspired by Romanesque architecture, Gothic is a style of architecture from Europe that emphasizes height and exhibits an intricate, delicate aesthetic. Though its roots are French, the Gothic approach can be found in churches, cathedrals, and other similar buildings in Europe and beyond.Carpenter Gothic, also sometimes called Carpenter's Gothic or Rural Gothic, is a North American architectural style-designation for an application of Gothic Revival architectural detailing and picturesque massing applied to wooden structures built by house-carpenters. Strawberry Hill House —often called simply Strawberry Hill —is a Gothic Revival villa that was built in Twickenham, London, by Horace Walpole (1717–1797) from 1749 onward. It is a typical example of the "Strawberry Hill Gothic" style of architecture, [1] and it prefigured the nineteenth-century Gothic Revival. Walpole rebuilt the existing ...Gothic Style A gothic style house. Location: House Shop Price: 1,000 Gold Sellback: 100 Gold Capacity: 27 Backgrounds: 1, Floors: 1, Rugs: 3, Shrubs: 5, Stuff: 9 ...Mir Castle is a Belarusan Gothic-style castle built by Juryj Ivanavič Illinič in the 16th Century. It was abandoned in about 1717 and suffered heavy damage during the Battle of Mir in 1812.One thing that is on the want list for almost any gardener or plant enthusiast is a greenhouse.Among the popular styles of home and backyard greenhouses is the gothic arch design.Many gardeners considering their first greenhouse wonder about the advantages and disadvantages of building or buying a gothic arc greenhouse.Gothic arch greenhouses offer several pros and cons.The house is a classic example of the Gothic Revival style in domestic architecture and the room is arranged to illustrate how an upper-middle-class family might have furnished their library. This library comes from a red-brick Gothic Revival villa built for banker Frederick Deming (1787–1860) and his family in the hamlet of Balmville, New York. Updated on July 03, 2019 Most American Gothic Revival homes in the 1800s were romantic adaptations of medieval architecture. Delicate wooden ornaments and other decorative details suggested the architecture of medieval England.The picturesque Gothic home was owned by the Fairfax media dynasty from 1891 when it was bought for £2100. Tech billionaire Scott Farquhar paid $71 million for this Point Piper estate in 2017. Gothic Revival style reveals itself in churches, houses, and some public buildings. The Gothic architecture style found in churches, synagogues, and cathedrals built between approximately 1100 to 1450 CE, stirred the imagination of painters, poets, and religious thinkers in Europe and Great Britain. From the remarkable great abbey of Saint-Denis in France to the Altneuschul ("Old-New") Synagogue in Prague, Gothic churches were ...
Sep 10, 2021 · Gothic arch greenhouses offer several pros and cons. Among these are structural advantages and disadvantages. There are maintenance pros and cons with gothic-style greenhouses as well. Typically, gothic arch greenhouses are a bit more expensive than traditional hoop houses or post-and-rafter construction. . Iwojkfzg
Nov 5, 2022 · Key Characteristics Gothic revival architecture is most readily identified by its intricate detailing, tall, vertical emphasis, large windows, and a plethora of pointed arches. These structures have steep gables that are often trimmed with decorative trims or details. Below are 13 best pictures collection of victorian gothic house plans photo in high resolution. Click the image for larger image size and more details. 1. Victorian Gothic Style House Plans Youtube. Victorian Gothic Style House Plans Youtube via. Feb 3, 2022 · Written by HomeAdvisor. In the U.S., it costs, on average, $350,000 to build a Victorian-style house. Typically, most homeowners spend between $250,000 and $600,000. The average cost per square foot to build a Victorian-style home is $100 to $200. For homes with high levels of intricate Victorian architecture in their plans, the price can reach ... Gothic: [adjective] of, relating to, or resembling the Goths, their civilization, or their language. teutonic, germanic. medieval 1. uncouth, barbarous.Gothic architecture, architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid-12th century to the 16th century, particularly a style of masonry building characterized by cavernous spaces with the expanse of walls broken up by overlaid tracery. Reims Cathedral In the 12th–13th century, feats of engineering permitted increasingly gigantic buildings.Gothic Style A gothic style house. Location: House Shop Price: 1,000 Gold Sellback: 100 Gold Capacity: 27 Backgrounds: 1, Floors: 1, Rugs: 3, Shrubs: 5, Stuff: 9 ... The Gothic period began in 12th century France and stretched until the 16th century, but its influence has spanned half a millennia. Gothic design enjoyed a revival under the Victorians and still proves popular with modern homeowners. We’ve rounded up six of our favourite Gothic houses on the market right now. Dalmoak Castle, Dumbarton, ScotlandThe Octagon style was hugely popular between 1850 and 1870 after it was mentioned in Orson Squire Fowler’s book called “the Octagon House: A House for All”. This style of Victorian house took its inspiration from the Gothic and Greek Revival times to create a unique approach to residential architecture that’s characterized by bright and ...Oct 6, 2022 · The Carpenter Gothic style is a simplified version of the architectural movement that still embraces some of the most prominent Gothic details. This style may also be called “Rural Gothic” or “American Gothic.”. These homes aren’t made with stone, instead have vertical board and batten siding. Jun 3, 2022 · 16. Ashy teal. Nopadon Hounrod/iStock. Teal, which contains hints of both green and blue, can be a vibrant choice that brings light and life to a room. However, if you instead opt for a slightly ashy version of teal, you can create a sense of subdued drama and add color to your gothic space. 17. Steely silver. Below are 13 best pictures collection of victorian gothic house plans photo in high resolution. Click the image for larger image size and more details. 1. Victorian Gothic Style House Plans Youtube. Victorian Gothic Style House Plans Youtube via. May 16, 2022 · The Tudor style came from historical homes in England. This home style became popular during the early 20th century in wealthy suburban communities across the United States. Many Tudor homes can be found in northern climates, because the solid architecture is ideal for cold weather. 08 of 24. Strawberry Hill House —often called simply Strawberry Hill —is a Gothic Revival villa that was built in Twickenham, London, by Horace Walpole (1717–1797) from 1749 onward. It is a typical example of the "Strawberry Hill Gothic" style of architecture, [1] and it prefigured the nineteenth-century Gothic Revival. Walpole rebuilt the existing ...Carpenter Gothic, also sometimes called Carpenter's Gothic or Rural Gothic, is a North American architectural style-designation for an application of Gothic Revival architectural detailing and picturesque massing applied to wooden structures built by house-carpenters. .